Using the entire city, Pope Sixtus V overlaid an organizational structure for circulation routes that connected major spaces and structures by means of an element that would literally establish points in space that would be difficult to be taken away (Bacon 1967:131). As Renaissance Rome became the epicentre of art, science and politics, its religious role declined - sparking the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [5] It was claimed[7] that there were more heads on spikes across the Ponte Sant'Angelo than melons for sale in the marketplace. Most Roman developments were within proximity to the Tiber and grew towards the east. His official listed birth date is December 13, 1521. Instead, Sixtus had chosen to relocate one of the obelisks of Circus Maximus to the Piazza del Popolo. The obelisk at the rear facade came from the Mausoleum of Augustus, installed there by Pope Sixtus V. 2. Felice later adopted Peretti as his family name in 1551, and as a cardinal was known as "Cardinal Montalto" (to reflect his affection to his homeland).[4]. While there was broad agreement among them that life was present at conception and that it could only become a human being, the thinking was that this did not necessarily mean God had infused the rational, immortal soul into the body at conception. The second Egyptian obelisk was originally shipped from Thebes (temple of Amun, Tuthmosis IV) to Circus Maximus in Rome by Constantine II the son of Constantine the Great. (see Vatican Alignment calculations). Rome for beginners and for the advanced, for the curious and the courageous. The "Liber Pontificalis" says that he was a Greek by birth, but this is probably a mistake, originating from the false assumption that he was identical with a Greek philosopher of the same name, who was the author of the so-called "Sentences" of . The landscape of Rome when Pope Sixtus V was elected was marked by a sort of gigantic ruin: the unfinished S. Pietro Nuovo: four gigantic pillars stood out supporting an empty drum, very much resembling those of Caracalla's Baths: the leading architects of the time had doubts whether these pillars could support the dome envisaged by Michelangelo: http://courses.umass.edu/latour/Italy/2005/CONE/index.html, Leonard da Vinci / Plan of Imola,1433-1445. [5], The subsequent administrative system of the Catholic Church owed much to Sixtus. Pope Sixtus V In Rome, there are a total of 8 Egyptian and 5 Roman obelisks. 7) and the Quirinale (No. Advertisement. On the negative side, he could be impulsive, obstinate, severe, and autocratic. 0 ratings 0% found this document useful (0 votes) 4 views. OBELISKS are added in front of the churches along the main axes. Sixtus extended the penalty of excommunication relating to the Roman Catholic Church's teaching on contraception and abortion. It contains the Papal Apartments (where the pope actually lives) as well as the Vatican Library, some Roman Catholic Church and Holy See offices, chapels, art galleries and museums. The Papal States had been financially drained to satisfy the multifarious needs of the Counter-Reformation, and lawlessness, particularly banditry, was widespread. Its beyond any doubt that Sixtus V was well aware of these alignments since he designed St. Peters Square to be a giant sun dial. For 10 centuries, until 1303, Popes lived in the hilltop Lateran Palace next to the cathedral that is now the headquarters church of the Church in Rome. The Seven Churches of Rome, with the portrait of Alexander VII . These became the foci of annual pilgrimages by Christians (Rogers 2001). The pope became ill with a fever on 24 August; it intensified the following day. He opened long and straight roads through the medieval slums that covered most of the city's decadent urban area. The four mountains in Pope Sixtus coat of arms could therefore represent the four Great Celestial Conjunctions or the four Milky Way Equinox/Solstice alignments that occur in a Great Year! 1585-90 . He was sent to Venice as inquisitor general of the Venetian Holy Inquisition,[5] but was so severe and conducted matters in such a high-handed manner that he became embroiled in quarrels. The palace is, in fact, a series of self-contained buildings arranged around a courtyard. A sermon by Sixtus III's archdeacon, Leo-later Leo I-exults in the new vision of a Christian Rome. 1520, reigned 1585 - 1590). Born a peasant, Felice Feretti matured into a severe and haughty prelate with piercing eyes, a long white beard and farsighted urban vision. By a bull of 1586 he defined the Sacred College of Cardinals, setting the number of cardinals at no more than 70, a limit that was not exceeded until the pontificate of John XXIII (195863). ed. The next year, he had St. Pauls statue mounted on the column of Marcus Aurelius. Sixtus IV had several illegitimate children while taxing priests who had mistresses During his thirteen year reign (1471-1484) Sixtus IV developed a reputation for nepotism and involvement in conspiracies. In the context of this article, we will focus on four obelisks that were re-erected by Pope Sixtus V. Around 1587, all of Romes obelisks were toppled down and it was Pope Sixtus V who started re-erecting four of the fallen obelisks in Rome. The cost of these works was met by heavy taxation that caused much suffering. Pope Sixtus V plan of Rome An axis has a Terminus, or a focal point The baroque is about the heightened drama _ Twin Churches dedicated to St. Mary designed by Carlo Rainaldi and begun in 1679. In 1585, Pope Sixtus asked Domenico Fontana to move the 330-ton Aswan granite the quarter mile or so to St. Peter's Square. Pope Pius V made him vicar general of the Franciscans and bishop (1566), later elevating him to the cardinalate on May 17, 1570. 300 years would pass before the Catholic church under Pius IX again declared all abortion murder. It was erected in 1377 by the French Pope Gregory XI. He also founded the Collegio Montalto in Bologna and used aqueducts to supply Rome with water. Quick Facts About Pope Sixtus V. Sixtus V was born in the Papal State of Grottammare and given the name Felice Piergentile. The situation in which he found himself was difficult: he could not countenance the designs of those he considered as heretical princes, and yet he mistrusted King Philip II of Spain and viewed with apprehension any extension of his power. Sixtus had Cardinal William Allen draw up the An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland, a proclamation to be published in England if the invasion had been successful. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This obelisk was again relocated by Sixtus V to St. Peters Square where it is seen today. Utilizing major landmarks, he located 4 obelisks across the city that allowed clear visual connections and movement between them. The elaborate and priceless column erected in ancient Rome to salute the Emperor Trajan near the Forum grew to include a statue of St. Peter at its top on Dec. 4, 1587, because Sixtus thought it was a good idea. Died. He became an arrogant and imperious man, related to the devil, some claimed. IGLESIA CATOLICA: PIRAMIDE DEL VATICANO="EXPERIMENTO FILADELFIA"="MAQUINA DEL TIEMPO"=SANTA CENA Elegir otro panel de mensajes February 16th, 2016 by Italy Perfect The city of Rome has the most obelisks in the world! Most notably he successfully relocated four massive obelisks to key locations within the city. 3-Day Rome PromptGuide v1.0. Pope Sixtus V, whose five-year reign was one of the most effective of any pontiff in history, was born Felice Peretti on this day in 1521 in Grottammare, a coastal resort in the Marche region that was then part of the Papal States. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The pope, is the Bishop of Rome and the ex officio leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. At the center of the St. Peter's Square in Vatican City you can see a 40 meter high Egyptian obelisk. He was also a noted theological writer and teacher who gave lectures at universities in Siena, Pavia, Padua, Florence and Bologna. SIXTUS V (POPE) (b. (27.6 x 44.2 cm) Object number 1996.002 N Label Text Exhibition History Published References 1520, reigned 1585 - 1590), Felice Peretti, born 13 December at Grottammare, near Montalto, March of Ancona. . Both obelisks were placed on the Spina of Circus Maximus. He desired to stop the spread of Protestantism, especially in France, which was being torn by the complex civil Wars of Religion (156298) between the Huguenots and the Roman Catholics. Pope Sixtus was a leading . He's the guy who reerected the four major obelisks in Rome, and conspiracy . Bacon, Edmund N. 1967. If landowners had not purchased property along major axes, at times fake facades would have been constructed to continue the consistency of the streets reading as figural voids. The city was an unorganized collection of structures and destinations connected by footpaths that meandered over the countryside between the landmarks (Rogers 2001:149). He brought law and order to the Eternal City--if often at the end of a rope--and he brought revolutionary change. Other improvements were made that began to organize city spaces such as the Michelangelos masterpiece of urban design at the Piazza Campidoglio and the broad street known originally as Via Pia, known today as Via Settembre (Rogers 2001:151). Perhaps more astonishing is the fact that most of the work that came as a reaction to his intervention was built after his death in 1590. Cardinal Francesco della Rovere, elected Pope Sixtus IV in 1471, took nepotism to a completely higher level. The Spina (backbone) is a 217 meter long wall in the centre of the hippodrome. Hanging Criminals and Displaying Heads It provided a simple and understandable framework for future building that would continue long after his papacy. Pope. The Baroque also features ambiguity through a multiplicity of centers, present with the various radial axes in the plan. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Sixtus V's plan of Rome aimed at systematizing such movement within the city of Rome, headquarters of the Catholic Church. These developments were often located on or near the peaks such as Quirinale, Pincio and Esquiline hills. This obelisk was moved by Pope Sixtus V from Circus Maximus to Piazza di San Giovanni (Laterno) next to the Basilica of San Giovanni. Our public archives for notarial records came into being under Pope Sixtus V and not in the 14th century as Your Honor thought in your kind letter of December 30. Alexander Vi. What is interesting in the context of this article are the before and after locations of these obelisks in the overall urban redesign plan of Pope Sixtus V. Circus Maximus, for instance, was built in a bend on the bank of the River Tiber, and on a Winter Solstice day the Sun would be seen rising over the Tiber River in line with both obelisks at the Spina when viewed from the Vatican. 2d rev. 9 Instead, a small glue factory was installed inside the Colosseum in 1594. Felice Piergentile was born on 13 December 1521 at Grottammare, in the Papal States,[2][3] to Francesco Piergentile (also known as Peretto di Montalto, from the city of origin Montalto delle Marche), and Mariana da Frontillo. The white arrows show the displacements of the obelisks from Circus Maximus by Pope Sixtus V. Read more: Part III | Washington | Paris > Vatican | Pope Sixtus V | Fountains | Christmass tale | True cross, Copyright 2008 Aaron Parlier All rights reserved. (LogOut/ Inspired by the ideal of the Renaissance city, Pope Sixtus V's ambitious urban reform programme transformed the old environment to emulate the "long straight streets, wide regular spaces, uniformity and repetitiveness of structures, lavish use of commemorative and ornamental elements, and maximum visibility from both linear and circular perspective. 27 August 1590. He organized a new circulation scheme based on a coherent network of straight long axis that connected and allowed the creation of new urban spaces. The first Egyptian obelisk was originally shipped by Emperor Augustus in 10 BC from Heliopolis, Egypt (dedicated to Seti I/ Ramesses II) to the Circus Maximus in Rome. But Soto was a castrato. Pope Sixtus V (1585- 1590) built the three-level courtyards of the Apostolic palace where the present pope lives and where every Sunday at noon he stands at the window (the second from the right on the third floor), and blesses the crowd that gathers in the magnificent Vatican square. To provide a visual anchor and structure for future development Pope Sixtus V placed four fountains at each corner at the important intersection of theStrada Piaand theStrada Felice(seemap 3andmap 4). In addition, the Papacy applied a tax to pay for the urban reorganization and new religious buildings. Making his plan at the time of Romes ascendance as the capital of Christianity Sixtus V based his plan on the pattern of movement between the citys seven churches. As Pope Sixtus V, he left an indelible stamp on Rome in a frenetic five-year reign from 1585-90, transforming his capital from a medieval hodgepodge into a Baroque showplace. Pope Sixtus V developed a plan for Rome that organized the whole city around several key points in space that relate to each other over the expanse of the city. He issued a papal bull officially classifying abortion, regardless of the stage of fetal development, as homicide. 2. However, some of the most significant influences to the urban form of modern Rome were accomplished by a few deliberate interventions of one man during a brief five year reign as Pope. He would simply transfer the entire Holy Sepulchre of Christ from Jerusalem to Rome! During the Counter Reform, Sixtus V mainly contributed to the renewal of the Church's organisation. The installation of the steps in this location compensated for the absence of the extension of theStrada Feliceas originally envisioned by Pope Sixtus V and resolved the design in an elegant and successful fashion. [5], Sixtus agreed to renew the excommunication of Queen Elizabeth I of England, and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada of Philip II, but, knowing the slowness of Spain, would give nothing until the expedition actually landed in England. The third Egyptian obelisk was originally moved to Rome in 37 AD by Emperor Caligula and situated at the Vatican Circus. His origin is unknown. This did more for Rome than any single building project could have ever accomplished. He died on August 27, 1590. The current oval shaped piazza with the obelisk at the Vatican was designed and built at the orders of Pope Sixtus V. It was part of an overall urban redesign of the city of Rome in which four of the obelisks were given new locations. Sixtus had no appreciation of antiquities, which were employed as raw material to serve his urbanistic and Christianising programs: Trajan's Column and the Column of Marcus Aurelius (at the time misidentified as the Column of Antoninus Pius) were made to serve as pedestals for the statues of SS Peter and Paul; the Minerva of the Capitol was converted into an emblem of Christian Rome; the Septizodium of Septimius Severus was demolished for its building materials. Notice that there is a small four-pointed cross in the center around the obelisk (the Sun) that is aligned with the outer eight-pointed cross. Only 3 years later a new pope found the absolute sanction unworkable and again allowed early abortions. Thousands of brigands were brought to justice: within a short time the country was again quiet and safe. He also became, at age 65, one of historys most dynamic Popes. Concept Architecture. Sixtus V (Fig.1). They languished for centuries, but were restored in the 70s under Pope Paul VI. Perspective was also exaggerated on streets such as Via del Corso (image 3), which has a similar building heights, proportion of buildings and datum of windows reading the majority of the street. His pontificate saw great enterprises and great achievements.[5]. He sought to use circulation routes as the basis for an organizational structure for the city, by connecting the monumental structures of Classical Rome, which had been built without consideration of spatial relationships and circulation. 9. The measure ultimately failed.[23]. The realization of his plan was not due to his individual power as a Pope to influence design and building in Rome but was due to the clarity of the message delivered in the few small, simple projects that he completed. Although a symbol of the Great Celestial Conjunction, this obelisk no longer aligns with the Winter Solstice Sun as viewed from the Vatican. He achieved this by creating a coherent movement system between the places to which people want to go. "Popes Nicholas V and Sixtus IV sent military ships against the . Throughout his pontificate, Sixtus surrounded himself with handsome men. houses, markets streets, amphitheaters, defense wall, aqueducts. Yet he was able to end his reign as one of Europes richest princes. Rome was a place of pilgrimage . The famous master plan of Pope Sixtus V and his architect Domenico Fontana for Rome. The obelisk at the Piazza del Popolo, however, aligns with the obelisk at St. Peters Square and the summer solstice Sun at sunrise! Baroque Replanning of Rome, DOMENICO FONTANA, Baroque, ROME, 1585 AD. Cardinal Montalto, an exiled religious leader, had developed ideas for reorganizing Rome before he became Pope Sixtus V. He wanted to reinvigorate the city and create a place suitable to be the center of the Christian world. The obelisk at Piazza di Giovanni, for instance, was adorned with both a four and eight-pointed cross by Pope Sixtus V. It was also a reference to this coat of arms! This accessible volume provides useful introductions to each pontiff from St Peter to Benedict XVI, including an entry on Sixtus IV at pp. Framed Artwork. Its the only obelisk without hieroglyphs. Change). Prior to the flare-up of the War of the Three Henrys, in 1585 Sixtus excommunicated the Protestant Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France) and promised subsidies in return for a Spanish invasion of England. About 5,000 bandits were executed by Sixtus V in the five years before his death in 1590, but there were reputedly 27,000 more at liberty throughout Central Italy.[24]. This established a framework for future development that is visible in Rome today. Within his church, which once had to recall him from duties in Venice as an Inquisitor because he was too severe, Sixtus is best remembered for his reform of the Curia, the Vatican bureaucracy. Clearly, however, Romans displaced by it were furious, and resentment was still felt centuries later, until the decision was taken to build the central railroad station, inaugurated by Pope Pius IX in 1863, the chosen site being the area of the Villa, which became doomed to destruction. The papacy of Sixtus began on April 4, 1585. The Vatican Historical Museum at the Lateran Palace is open until 1 p.m. Tuesday, Thursday, Saturdays and the first Sunday of each month. The city walls encircled a much larger area and contained the classical ruins of ancient Rome as well as seven churches that were the foci of annual pilgrimages by worshippers. He served twice (155760) as inquisitor general in Venice, his severity there causing his recall. At the age of 12 he was initiated as a novice of the Franciscan Order, assuming the name of Fra Felice (Friar Felix) in 1535, maintaining his birth name. The famous master plan of Pope Sixtus V and his architect Domenico Fontana for Rome. This alignment occurs right now in era 2012! At the age of 9 years old, Felice came back in Montalto to join his uncle in the Franciscan Convent of San Francesco delle Fratte. "[9] The Pope set no limit to his plans, and achieved much in his short pontificate, always carried through at top speed: the completion of the dome of St. Peter's; the loggia of Sixtus in the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano; the chapel of the Praesepe in Santa Maria Maggiore; additions or repairs to the Quirinal, Lateran and Vatican palaces; the erection of four obelisks, including that in Saint Peter's Square; the opening of six streets; the restoration of the aqueduct of Septimius Severus ("Acqua Felice");[5] the integration of the Leonine City in Rome as XIV rione (Borgo).[10]. As a youth, he joined the Franciscan order, where he displayed talents as a scholar and preacher, and enjoyed the patronage of Pius V, who made him a cardinal.As a cardinal, he was known as Cardinal Montalto.. As Pope, he energetically rooted out corruption . [14], The edition was preceded by the Bull Aeternus ille, in which the Pope declared the authenticity of the new Bible. Under this situation, the Catholic Church started to think about the important position of Rome as a cultural and religious center in the world representing the Catholic Church and the Pope and how the city should be a clear representative of it. Therefore the reorganization featured new churches designed at the ends of the axes. 24 pages. Although homicide had always required this penalty, contraception had not. Yet through the multiple centers, a spatial continuity weaves through the connected axes (image 2). Pope Sixtus V placed the four fountains here to recognize the significance of the cross axial connection toPorta Pia. Image 2: Aerial view of Rome, showing axes from Baroque Roman replanning remaining in contemporary times. Pope Sixtus III built the present church in 431 AD to honor Mary, but two significant buildings preceded it at the site. The operation was carried out using hemp ropes and iron bars weighing 40,000 pounds, plus 900 men and 72 horses, and took about 5 months to complete, captivating the city's populace. Four centuries later, Sixtus stamp on Rome is still clear. Exploring Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, Baroque Replanning of Rome Plan Edmund Bacon, Design of Cities is licensed under a, Aerial View of Rome is licensed under a, View from Piazza del Popolo looking South on Via del Corso Aimee Moore is licensed under a. (LogOut/ [15][16] The bull stipulated "that it was to be considered as the authentic edition recommended by the Council of Trent, that it should be taken as the standard of all future reprints, and that all copies should be corrected by it. The influence of Pope Sixtus V plan is evidenced by the future construction of theSpanish Stepsthat lead vertically from the terminus of theVia del Babuinoat thePiazza d EspagnatoSan Trinita dei Monti,where the third obelisk was placed and connects to the intersection with theVia Piaand to theSanta Mari a Maggioreat its terminus (see map 3). Updates? In 1560, the Venetian government asked for his recall. Rich L.A. homeowners are snapping them up, Travis Barkers finger injury delays Blink-182 tour: One of those freak accidents, Mixed media artist Pamela Smith Hudson was told to stay in one lane. She refused, KISS announces the absolute final shows of their End of the Road farewell tour, Review: The gorgeous new movie Pacifiction will hypnotize you. He sought to connect and harmonise the movement of the pilgrims in the citys then undefined landscape. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. (1585-99) N Nik (ou) Roman Architecture European Architecture Architecture Drawings Ancient Architecture Custom Home Plans Custom Home Designs Roman Bath House Dreams Spa House Plan Gallery roman baths of caracalla | Baths of Caracalla, Rome, 212-216. By the sale of offices, the establishment of new "Monti" and by levying new taxes, he accumulated a vast surplus, which he stored up against certain specified emergencies, such as a crusade or the defence of the Holy See. This gave rise to the prominence of three intersecting streets that connect respectively to thePorta di Ripettaon the bank of the Tiber River to the west; the central avenue leading to the Forum and the Campidoglio, and finally the eastern avenueVia del Bauinoleading to thePiazza dEspagna. 4) Obelisk of the Esquilino and inscription dictated by Pope . Classical Rome was a collection of monumental architectural structures that did not consider spatial relationships or circulation issues. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In the late 16th century, Pope Sixtus V, the builder of Renaissance Rome, tried to transform the Colosseum into a wool factory, with workshops on the arena floor and living quarters in the upper . Legal experts weigh in, While rain drenched L.A., Dave Grohl smoked brisket for 450 of the citys unhoused, Stranger Things play that may hold key to the end taking 1959 Hawkins to West End, Commentary: Now hiring! The figural voided axes were carved through the existing context of the Roman to Renaissance era city of the urban fabric. We can be sure about the later da. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Esquilino (No. Important in the Baroque replanning design was connecting a network of new churches expanding development to the east within the Aurelian walls, image 1 from Edmund Bacons Design of Cities. Interestingly, they too were built to honor great women. As explained before, in ancient Egypt and freemasonry mountains, pillars and clouds all represent the Milky Way. In a remarkable cataract of planning and construction that reinvigorated and transformed the city, Sixtus carved the face that Rome still wears. His father had taken refuge in Grottammare to escape the oppression of the Duke of Urbino, finding there a job as a gardener. This way, he saved a fortune that would otherwise have been lost in the failed campaign. He finally completed his studies in the Franciscan Magna Domus of Bologna on September 1544. Like most of the rest of the city, the Lateran was sagging when Sixtus became Pope. One of the four major basilicas in Rome, it was the first church to be dedicated to the Virgin Mary and possesses a rich history. Sixtuss greatness is founded on his achievements in reforming the central administration of the church. Sixtus V retained the papacy for only five years (1585 - 1590) but set in motion design forces that shaped Rome for the next four hundred years. Circus Maximus was a Roman hippodrome used for chariot racing. After a brief term as procurator of his order, he was attached in 1565 to the papal legation to Spain headed by Cardinal Ugo Boncampagni (later Pope Gregory XIII) which was sent to investigate a charge of heresy levelled against Bartolom Carranza, Archbishop of Toledo. This is the result of the design intelligence by many designers following Pope Sixtus V initial vision, however, it was theplacement of the obelisk in this precise location that provided the inspiration for redesign and construction of the church, piazza, colonnade and the elements within that make it what it is today. The exhibition Roma Sixto Quinto in the Palazzo Venezia in downtown Piazza Venezia is open daily through April 30. Image 3: View of Via del Corso looking south from Piazza del Popolo. Newton , Norman T. 1971. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. TheStrada Pia-an ancient and important street that extends east to the city wall and gatePorta Pia(see photo 3) by Michelangelo intersects perpendicularly with theStrada Felice. Theres a flag of the Papal Dragoons, the shield of the Pontifical Artillery and a model of the 19th-Century papal gunboat Immaculate Conception.. The project was abandoned upon his death. As Pope, he energetically rooted out corruption and lawlessness across Rome, and launched a far-sighted rebuilding programme that continues to provoke controversy, as it involved the destruction of antiquities. Once formally exorcised of their evil spirits, the obelisks clearly showed that Christianity had overtaken Rome and Egypt alike in . The experience creates drama and heightens the emotions by featuring the topography in the urban planning. Pope Sixtus V developed a plan for Rome that organized the whole city around several key points in space that relate to each other over the expanse of the city. Immense sums were spent on his huge building program, including the completion of St. Peters dome, the rebuilding of the Lateran Palace and the Vatican, revision of street plans, and the general embellishment of Rome that transformed it from a medieval to a Baroque city. He limited the College of Cardinals to seventy. Pope Sixtus V ( Latin: Sixtus Quintus; 13 December 1520 - 27 August 1590), [1] born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 228th Pope from 1585 to 1590. 9 instead, a small glue factory was installed inside the Colosseum 1594. With handsome men III & # x27 ; s the guy who reerected the four obelisks. Refuge in Grottammare to escape the oppression of the Catholic Church under Pius IX again declared all abortion.! 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